Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The first offshore tanks were being Venetian glass jars the place that the Romans retained anemones outdoors, nonetheless these kind of techniques were very short lived. The primary particular saltwater fishkeeping started out with a broader size inside the 1950s, starting up while using basic oblong glass aquariums (usually 20 gallon), nevertheless common today. Bleached coral in addition to a substrate connected with rough smashed coral were that norm. Algae, like advantageous varieties just like coralline algae, ended up looked at negatively as well as were normally removed. The clean, sterile and clean tank ended up being seen this healthiest.

During the first times connected with marine aquaria, saltwater has been compiled with neighborhood beaches. Natural deep sea includes a lot of excess organisms along with pollutants. Aquarium literature of that time period suggests how the most commonly kept marine seafood had been the particular percula clownfish, sergeant significant damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish and also scats, jeweled blennies, plus blue damsels. Aquariums were prepared by large surroundings compressors, and also were seriously aerated and filtered (primarily by using undergravel filters, a usual for many time).

An ever-growing variety of hobbyists experiencing the particular inconvenience with accumulating natural seashore water and also the concurrent improvement associated with analytical hormones techniques encouraged that will investigation into your element makeup involving marine water. Synthetic salt mixes were being developed to help repeat your element natural environment on the tropical ocean, like find factors and salts. This advance built marine fishkeeping well-liked in parts without having admission to thoroughly clean sea water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers as well as trustworthy submersible utility heaters were developed in Germany. Various advances in filtration listed trickle in addition to hang-on filters, equally allowing for a more normal equilibrium in the aquarium tank environment. The growth of fluorescent light technology to offer higher output, together with shiny halide lighting, made it possible for the 1st offshore tanks, rendering it possible to keep corals along with various other invertebrates devoid of pure sunlight.

More efficient inorganic assessment permitted aquarists in order to know the actual chemical attributes of aquariums. By the particular 1980s, a biologically-based idea of the right way to maintain an synthetic ocean setting brought extra profitable and widespread marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine aquarium components

The significant pieces will be an aquarium, generally produced from tumbler or acrylic, purification equipment, lighting, as well as an aquarium heater. Marine aquariums might range in amount coming from not as much as 80 liters, (< twenty US gal) to over 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small lists will be more challenging to hold from the a lot more speedy alterations in drinking water chemistry. The tastes ocean aquariums usually are somewhere between 160 and four hundred liters (40 along with a hundred US gal).

Nano ocean tank preserved at home

Types connected with marine aquariums

Marine aquarists typically break down saltwater aquariums into those construction seafood only, those houses species of fish by using are living rock, and people mostly designed to household corals and other invertebrates (also known as ocean aquariums). Many seafood hobbyists additionally try to portion the particular types of ocean tanks based on water temps at which these are kept.

Tropical marine

The most common type of ocean seafood tank, this exotic marine tank, residences marine family pets from tropical climates. Usually kept concerning 24 that will 28 degrees Celsius (76-82 F), these types of tanks contain sultry deep sea tanks, together with fish-only tanks. These tanks often have a very very low concentrations of infinitesimal plankton and other foodstuff tried by means of filtration system feeders. Most livestock to get all these aquariums are procured through business means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One from the much more obscure styles involving sea food tanks, this coldwater marine tank, retains perch with temperate climates, together with temps varying all over 10 to twenty-four degrees Celsius (5075F). While most of these tanks may not be because visually pleasing since their tropical counterparts, colourful types such as dahlia anemones plus the elaborate cowfish is often found. However almost all coldwater bass are usually dreary as well as unexciting throughout color. Most colourful kinds are usually associated with this traditional western pacific. These tanks in addition are likely to demand extra expertise to maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria tend to be unusual and coldwater corals simply occur at fantastic depths, hobbyists are usually mostly limited in order to fish, crustaceans as well as mollusks. Since you can find pretty very few commercially obtainable coldwater fish, hobbyists will often have to help literally acquire specimens. The most frequent way of doing more of these is definitely by way of trolling or even seining. Unlike from the commercial perspective obtainable sultry fish, in whose behavior behaviour plus tank compatibilities tend to be well documented, coldwater bass necessitate a great deal neighborhood ichthyology know-how to be able to preserve them.

Many temperate seafood include specific local diet requirements, whilst others, similar to tautog (blackfish), could have nearly crustacean or even taken foods. The blackfish must not always be placed with crabs and mollusks, though various other fish, like the oyster cracker toadfish, will do fine with any kind of seafood that is not compact plenty of to suit towards it's mouth. Due to this appearing a really local hobby, possibly not most people go the particular route connected with area tanks. However, they are more cost-effective compared to reef tanks, less expensive and easier to be able to maintain, as well as fish hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists start off from a young age, and it also will take practical knowledge before one can excellently assess your compatibility belonging to the seafood in your area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live are insane is actually steel which was inside the ocean, composed involving limestone and decomposing barrier skeleton, generally around some sort of barrier saltwater such as those all around Fiji, and is commonly dealt with having helpful algae, coralline in addition to very small invertebrates along with bacteria which can be desirable inside aquarium. Some plus the the particular microfauna typically observed on live are a blast are crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, and an occasional sea urchin, sea anemone, coral, plus ocean sponge. Also, if your aquarist will be unlucky, a mantis shrimp. Bristleworms are also common, most of which, whilst unattractive, usually are not harmful and are useful scavengers; quite a few variety is often pests, however. The supplement regarding live rock is definitely just one of the best methods to ensure proper aquarium, because the are a blast provides some sort of load to keep substantial pH ( 8.0-8.3), alkalinity, along with acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity is often identified with a relatively complicated term, "carbonate hardness", or maybe KH. This is often measured within "degrees" (dKH) or meq/L.

The microfauna observed with live are insane will be detrivores as well as herbivores (as that they eat algae along with seafood waste), and still provide species of fish with a natural, eye-catching shelter. Live rock and roll commonly arrives from online agents seeing that "uncured", in addition to must be quarantined in a distinguish tank whilst considering that medical professionals process, which in turn calls for the particular inescapable die-off associated with several of this rock's residents and the future manufacturing connected with unwanted ammonia as well as nitrite. Live are insane which is definitely currently healed exists at many pet retailers that focus on saltwater. Live crushed lime stone is definitely comparable to live are insane it is each desirable.

Filtration

A innovative sump using three storage compartments including some sort of protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums have much more elaborate filtration requirements than a lot of fresh water aquariums. The various parts frequently comprise Wet as well as waterless filters as well as Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers will be devices which remove natural substances prior to their particular degradation, and they are as well handy with marine aquariums. Protein skimming is additionally included in the widely accepted Berlin approach that will banks on live rock, plus intermittent partial normal water improvements in order to lower and remove squander products. The Berlin procedure relies on volumes of live rock being contained in the aquarium. The regulation is 1/2 - 1 lb. every 1 US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg for each five liters).

Some marine aquariums as well consist of a refugium and/or some sort of sump. Refugiums are small containers as well as aquariums which might be concealed behind or beneath the key tank and also connected to be able to them through some sort of water pump. Refugiums have not long ago come to be quite well-liked by reef aquarists because they are available to help work various requirements for instance including water quantity or providing your fish-free site intended for biological filtration in live good ole' and/or this sandbed. Fish-free refugiums are particular to be able to populations regarding copepods, amphipods, isopods and also other zooplankton. The sump may well comprise many connected with compartments, each using its own filtration material. Often, heaters, thermostats, and protein skimmers are usually put into your sump.

Lighting

A DIY metal halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical lighting is employed around aquariums to reproduce day and also night. This can be useful to get seafood and invertebrates mainly because it establishes a new routine, allows these to be able to rest, and creates these people feel a lot more secure. The lights made use of deviates dependent to the people on the aquarium. Typically, the kind of lighting to get aquariums by using seafood just is considered to be unimportant. In aquariums that contains invertebrates, however, where algal expansion (of the two free-living and also symbiotic algae) will be desired, a lot more rigorous light can be required. There a wide range of kinds of lights available: many widespread kinds contain fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), stream-lined fluorescent, LED plus shiny halide. Actinic signals make a serious orange selection designed to simulate your dominating wavelength associated with lighting a couple of metres underneath the ocean's surface.

Many various places help to make several boasts in relation to which kind of lighting product this best. In reality, each and every technology or perhaps variant provides their unique merits and also disadvantages. The most primitive lighting style source is natural sunlight. This should be only useful with regions at the equator since the toughness regarding sunshine will be best there. Efficiently utilizing natural the sun's rays requires elaborate organizing and, seeing that such, this approach is definitely applied to solely the largest saltwater systems.

The next raise with technological know-how is usually incandescent lamps. These will be very wasteful involving energy, delivering between 15 and 30 lumens per watt involving electric power (Out of the achievable 683 lumens every watt intended for the best mild source). Standard fluorescent bulbs give you a great betterment over incandescents. There tend to be superior colouring heat accessible in fluorescent tubes which might be additional best suited to help aquariums as compared with the ones from regular gentle bulb. They usually are as well more efficient, averaging among ninety in addition to ninety five lumens for each watt. The negative to usual fluorescent gizmos is always that they just do not develop the strength to help sink into lower aquariums.

There is a number of superior different versions associated with fluorescent technology. The principal kinds are extremely huge expenditure (VHO), energy compact fluorescent (PC), as well as T-5 excessive end product (HO). VHO table lamps are usually fluorescent bulbs operate from larger power levels, typically about three periods the normal wattage for just a provided bulb length. They develop the selling point of large lighting output, however the greater size lights limit this productivity of reflectors. PC lights is actually additionally high-power fluorescent lighting, even so the light sources are creased that will put more tubes from a assigned space. The end result with PC lamps are usually reduced simply by disfunctional reflector designs.

VHO as well as PC incandescent bulbs are generally furthermore quite expensive to replace. T-5 HO equipment and lighting would be the latest alternative about fluorescent lights. They usually are run during a little greater electric power concentrations compared to standard fluorescent lamps, but are produced appreciably thinner. This makes it possible for for additional helpful reflector designs that will acquire much more gentle in the aquarium. Because of this, good quality T-5 programs normally match or perhaps emulate this result of equivalent tight fluorescent or perhaps VHO lighting fixtures. All different types of fluorescent illumination offer you the same productivity inside lumens per watt; it is the contour of the lamp in addition to reflectors of which creates their complete outputs different.

Metal halide lighting are the future grade way up from fluorescent technology. Metal halides produce with regards to 90-100 lumens every watt associated with power. This is actually roughly just as fluorescent. The improvement with sheet metal halides is them to completely focus this kind of light end product proper small space, unlike fluorescent equipment and lighting consistently remove darkness from the entire aquarium. This is definitely usually known as as place form lighting, it is what causes your rippling visible impact on numerous advanced tank setups. This content level regarding lighting output enhances the intensity, allowing shiny halide lamps to get a many light in order to possibly the very bottom levels of most aquariums. Metal halides can be purchased in a lot of coloring temperatures , from 6500 K around 20,000 K, nevertheless lamps as huge because 50,000 K tend to be once in a while found. The downsides with shiny halide lighting are the price and the heat ing produced.

Most sheet metal halide features tend to be more in comparison with two times the buying price of an comparable wattage fluorescent system, while rates have began to drop with recent years. Halide flashlights target heat in the process since light output. The floor of your managing lamp gets to be hot ample to be able to cause following or maybe third qualification melts instantly, therefore the following lighting effects technology should be combined with caution. The heating developed could also nice your aquarium tank for you to unpleasant levels, frequently necessitating using some sort of chiller. The many latest improvement on the listing of tank lighting know-how is LED lighting. These possess the potential in order to become a lot more efficient compared to any some other technology, although haven't yet grow to be thus as a result of issues regarding heating dissipation. LED's have a look at point source lighting, but usually are furthermore completely dimmable at any kind of power level. This allows for more innovative lighting effects schedules, sometimes the simulation associated with fog up cover. So far, LED's find make use of largely since lunar lighting.

When thinking about light regarding an aquarium, you will discover usually a pair of variables to be able to consider: wattage and shade temperature. Depending about the style of light (i.e. fluorescents, material halide, etc) the particular wattage associated with lighting emitted can vary considerably, through tens connected with watts to a number of one hundred dollars watts within a lighting effects system. Wattage, whilst not indicative of color, is usually comparable to strength along with essentially ascertains just how brightly the particular gentle will shine. Due on the scattering involving mild around water, the actual more deeply one's tank is, the out of this world the particular lighting required. Color temperature, measured in kelvins (albeit marginally unrepresentively) refers to large of mild being emitted from the light as well as being based for the concept of blackbody radiation. Light from that solar features a colour heat regarding roughly 5900 K and lig ht devices with coloring temperature >5000 K tend to be most effective pertaining to growing plant life in both the actual marine and also freshwater setting. 10,000 K light appears bluish-white plus makes important coloration with fishes along with corals. Higher in place to the array you'll find 14,000 K as well as 20,000 K bulbs that develop a deeply random world tint which mimic the particular lighting ailments underseas, developing a great optimal atmosphere with regard to invertebrates as well as animals present.

Heating

Most marine tank occupants are endemic that will exotic reefs and seas in Africa, Southeast Asia, as well as the Red Sea. Marine tank temperature need to imitate your environment of the particular population and so are most often retained with 23 to 28 levels Celsius (73-82 F). In areas the location where the ambient temperature is usually less than the desired temperature of that aquarium tank this generally necessitates the application of a great fish tank heater. In a few spots background heat will be a lot more than the specified temperature along with refrigeration devices, referred to as "chillers", are accustomed to cool the aquarium tank water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists commonly experiment this water inside tank to get a different inorganic signs associated with drinking water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, a new general measure with water density, can be commonly retained between 1.020 as well as 1.024 with aquariums along with fish only, and also 1.023 and 1.026 pertaining to aquariums formulated with invertebrates. Salinity should for that reason possibly be among 28 plus 35 PPT, together with the actual bigger valuations getting advantageous in advanced saltwater systems. Because salinity is actually simply by distinction immediately related for you to precise gravity, together is often screened having cost-effective hydrometer or even refractometer.

pH really should be maintained concerning 8.1 and 8.3. This may be raised having a from the commercial perspective obtainable streaming factor or even through calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate hardness (KH) needs to be involving eight and 12 degrees of carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor might help throughout maintaining both equally pH and carbonate hardness. Using purified water originating from a opposite osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) model can prevent KH along with pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen spiral describes this conversion of deadly ammonia to be able to nitrite lastly nitrate. While fish squander (urine and feces) along with rotting matter relieve ammonia, nearly all ammonia unveiled (approximately 60%) around both equally marine and freshwater aquariums is actually excreted immediately in the normal water through the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification switches this ammonia into nitrite ions, NO2-, after which you can for you to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate will be quickly taken up along with merged simply by algae as well as hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is modified via an anaerobic bacterial method in order to zero cost nitrogen, but this technique is quite difficult that will maintain. In this recently available past, the majority of nitrate, and that is a reduced amount of toxic for you to which they and a lot invertebrates as compared to nitrites, accumulated within the water until eventually it absolutely was bodily removed by a new waters change. However, several marine aquarists have become putting to use using a unique a part of that tank as well as split reservoir altogether, named some sort of "refugium." A refugium is, as their brand suggests, some sort of sheltered area this stock shares water considering the primary, or even display, tank. Refugiums generally contain a heavy sand cargo box allowing anoxic zones to create within these folks where anaerobic acne bacteria can certainly transform nitrate towards nitrogen gas, a helpful method of nitrate removal. Various styles of macroalgae can be grown as well as collected with the refugium as another technique of nitrate export. As refugiums come to be prevalent in marine aquaria, nitrate ranges are generally easily probable pertaining to sometimes the inexperienced hobbyist. Ammonia and nitrite should be screened regularly; any kind of detectable concentrations (i.e., over 0 ppm) can be indicative of the problem. Nitrates probably should not discuss 2 ppm within ocean tanks, and also 20 ppm throughout fish-only tanks. It might possibly be satisfactory to acquire a small quantity of nitrate buildup, since several livestock, especially fish, will be rather tolerant with nitrate. Most corals, while able in order to assimilate nitrate, can not be expected to survive, a reduced amount of thrive, with substantial nitrate concentrations.

Other recommended checks include individuals pertaining to calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, and also other trace elements. It is usually beneficial (and necessary) for the aquarist to help exploration the water hormones parameters with the particular affected individual that may be desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation is often a process that may be done any time adding brand new marine living in order to an aquarium, particularly for invertebrates, that don't have osmoregulation. This practice slowly brings out your organisms to the drinking water makeup on the new environment, preventing distress producing from sudden alterations with mineral water chemistry. There usually are several various types of executing this, including the using your drip line, and also of a calculating tumbler and also alternative device in order to gradually combination drinking water from your aquarium container right into a container while using innovative animal.

Water changes

Water adjustments can be a staple involving fine deep sea maintenance. Larger (approximately two hundred gallon) aquariums are very much far more secure and normal water alterations might not exactly must happen if the nitrogen circuit offers totally established themselves inside tank, even though it is a controversial record amid aquarists. Water modifications are utilized to hold balance connected with calcium, carbonate alkalinity, and magnesium that tend to be fast exhausted in the reef aquarium, when also having amounts involving alternative trace things in addition to deleting dangerous solutes that might acquire from a variety of resources and are also unable to possibly be taken out simply by even advanced purification methods. Supplements will be needed (such seeing that calcium) while usual drinking water adjustments on your own cannot to keep up satisfactory levels, in particular the ones from calcium, carbonate, in addition to magnesium. Water changes need elimina ting a fraction belonging to the overall size in the aquarium, changing of which drinking water having brand-new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed deep sea continues to be dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically along with an chemical for instance bisulfite or perhaps by way of filtering. Water should be brought towards identical temperature in the event that over a 5% change will be occurring. Salinity must complement which with the aquarium, or become dosed quite gradually when switching the salinity. Aging plus aerating saltwater (such because with some sort of pail that has a powerhead or even airstone) is actually suggested since very good practice to allow the particular pH in order to stabilize.

Replacement mineral water ought to be with the exact same source since the aquarium, whether or not that end up being opposite osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled as well as from a city and county supply, as a way to prevent drastic modifications within mineral water chemistry. In scenarios where by some may be replacing your tap water-based salt selection with your invert osmosis-based salt mix, the actual substitute normal water need to be added slowly but surely over the training regarding several hours in order to avoid submitting the tank people in to osmotic shock. However, significant waters changes usually are not encouraged under workout instances anyways, hence it is definitely irrelevant. Municipal, as well as tap water, is not necessarily recommended for the marine aquarium precisely as it generally contains excessive levels with nitrates, phosphates, as well as silicates and also other dissolved solids that supply the increase of pain algaes, in particular diatoms, which usually looks for a corrode shaded powdery algae as well as grows while in the overabundance involving silicates provide with most of faucet water. Water filtered by way of four phase procedure including mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, as well as de-ionizing factors is definitely endorsed since this can provide possess a preferred option to completely pure water. Four as well as Five period RO/DI purification models can be received for as few as $100 and they are an expense useful technique of converting tap waters into water functional within a marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost most of varieties kept in marine aquaria at the moment are caught from the wild, despite the fact that tank-raised specimens turned out to be ever more common like a workable alternative. Only a couple of varieties just like clownfish will be captive-bred for a industrial scale. Much accumulating is completed inside Indonesia plus the Philippines, where by using cyanide and other harmful group methods, whilst discouraged, will be regrettably common. The vast majority associated with live are insane is additionally prepared from the wild, and the latest restrictions for this pick around Florida include brought about a change to Fijian as well as aquacultured rock. Natural rock, as it is definitely created by coral polyps, will take several years or even generations that will form, and is an essential habitat intended for countless marine species; thus, commercial-scale working involving naturally-occurring live are insane has been belittled by means of conservationists. Additionally, countless animal types available that will hobbyists have pretty specific dietary plus home conditions in which can't be found by means of hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, this moorish idol); these types of family pets almost without doubt cease to live easily and also have substantially reduced lifespans in comparison to wild specimens. Often these kind of distinct the environmental requirements cause improperly housed lifestock's coloration plus appearance for being poor. These problems tend to be downplayed by way of men and women along with institutions that has a financial involvement in the trade. Hobbyists who assistance conservation have to invest in exclusively certified net-caught sea food (although making certain the particular legitimacy connected with such claims is usually difficult) or captive-raised fish, together with farmed corals in order to support legit reef conservation efforts. The major corals is usually "fragged", whereby some of any bigger captive coral is usually segregated that will subsequently be raised directly into an individual specimen, counting in coral propagation within the particular domestic aquarium; the operate throughout frags (i.e. fragments) supplies a wonderful opportunity to get marine aquarists to acquire fresh along with unique corals while restraining that impact on this normal environment. Rare types plus individuals with not a history of becoming productively stored in captivity needs to be avoided.

Commercial front

Various organizations have delivered a private front that will fishkeeping, perhaps the largest being Marineland, Inc. With your advent regarding great scale company surgical treatments emphasizing propagation huge sums regarding specimens, marine fishkeeping includes develop into a lot more frequent compared to at any time before. Perhaps the particular most significant turndown in marine fishkeeping may be the initial installation cost. A hundred US gallon (400 L) offshore tank complete with barrier and also equipment might cost over $2,500 US. Aside from your difficulty, this is a huge aspect as to the reason why freshwater fishkeeping is actually still therefore frequent with regards to its marine counterpart.

References and also more reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, simply by Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, simply by Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, through Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide for you to Selection, Care as well as Compatibility, through Anthony Calfo and Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, plus Natural History, by Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches in order to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, by way of John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish plus Aquaria: Marine at the Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, your Reef Keeping wiki taken care of by means of this Marine Aquarium Societies with Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, a site offering information, specifications, testimonials plus DIY Plans intended for Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, a website presenting details and also delivering assets pertaining to this coldwater marine aquarium hobbyist

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Aquarium plus fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater aquarium tank Marine aquarium Brackish mineral water tank Community gas tank Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium tools and also furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep fine sand pickup bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood as well as Driftwood Airstone Live are insane Substrate Fishcam Aquarium fish feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy bass Dither perch Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical sea food Coldwater fish Painted fish

Fish food

Flake meals Feeder species of fish Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List with fresh water aquarium perch kinds List regarding fresh water fish tank grow crops species List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate types List associated with marine tank fish kinds List of brackish aquarium perch variety List with tank diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning triggers Reef harmless MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium related companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles requiring extra referrals from July 2007 | All content needing additional referrals | All articles or blog posts with unsourced terms | Articles together with unsourced assertions out of December 2008 | Articles that contains video clips

Oceanic Aquarium