Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The very first saltwater tanks were being Venetian magnifying glaas jars where the Romans stored anemones outdoors, but these kinds of programs were being quite simple lived. The initial particular ocean fishkeeping initiated on a broader range in the 1950s, starting when using the essential rectangular magnifying glaas aquariums (usually something like 20 gallon), even now well-known today. Bleached coral and a substrate with coarse smashed barrier were being the actual norm. Algae, including helpful forms including coralline algae, were viewed in a negative way and had been in general removed. The clean, sterile aquarium has been considered that healthiest.

During the early nights involving marine aquaria, saltwater has been collected during neighborhood beaches. Natural deep sea consists of many undesirable organisms in addition to pollutants. Aquarium books from the occasion recommends which your most commonly held marine species of fish were your percula clownfish, sergeant major damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish and scats, jeweled blennies, and blue damsels. Aquariums were equipped with substantial air compressors, and were heavily aerated and also filtered (primarily by using undergravel filters, a norm for those time).

An ever-growing lots of hobbyists experiencing that irritation of gathering herbal beach water as well as the concurrent progress of analytical hormones procedures ended in exploration into the chemical composition of seashore water. Synthetic salt blends have been formulated to help duplicate the actual chemical environment from the tropical ocean, as well as find factors plus salts. This progress created marine fishkeeping common in spots with out admission to thoroughly clean beach water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers along with reputable submersible energy heaters were invented within Germany. Various advances inside purification integrated trickle plus hang-on filters, both permitting a much more normal balance inside the fish tank environment. The advancement involving fluorescent lights systems to produce better output, together with steel halide lighting, allowed this first reef tanks, making it possible and keep corals plus additional invertebrates without having organic sunlight.

More efficient element assessment granted aquarists to be aware of the actual substance components of aquariums. By the 1980s, some sort of biologically-based comprehension of tips on how to maintain a strong man made ocean ecosystem introduced extra productive and also common marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine tank components

The major components will be a great aquarium, usually built out of glass or acrylic, filtration equipment, lighting, in addition to an fish tank heater. Marine aquariums can range around quantity coming from below 80 liters, (< 20 US gal) to be able to around 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small databases are more hard to keep due to the more rapid improvements inside water chemistry. The flavor saltwater aquariums are between 160 along with 400 liters (40 and 100 US gal).

Nano deep sea aquarium taken care of at home

Types connected with marine aquariums

Marine aquarists typically partition deep sea aquariums into these housing bass only, those property perch together with survive rock, and individuals principally meant to home corals along with other invertebrates (also referred to as saltwater aquariums). Many fish hobbyists also break down the actual different types of offshore tanks depending on the lake heat what place these are kept.

Tropical marine

The most common sort of deep sea sea food tank, this tropical marine tank, homes marine pets through warm climates. Usually held in between twenty-four that will 28 levels Celsius (76-82 F), these types of tanks consist of tropical deep sea tanks, along with fish-only tanks. These tanks are likely to possess a lower concentrations of infinitesimal plankton and various ingredients eaten simply by filtration feeders. Most livestock intended for these aquariums are purchased by means of business means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One regarding the greater obscure varieties of species of fish tanks, that coldwater marine tank, holds species of fish of temperate climates, with temperatures running around eight to be able to twenty four diplomas Celsius (5075F). While many of these kind of tanks may not be when aesthetically eye-catching as their sultry counterparts, colorful species for example dahlia anemones as well as the opulent cowfish is often found. However many coldwater species of fish are generally overcast or unexciting around color. Most amazing varieties are only from the traditional western pacific. These tanks additionally tend to need more skill in order to maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria usually are unusual and coldwater corals solely arise at excellent depths, hobbyists will be generally enclosed for you to fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Since you can find virtually no commercially on the market coldwater fish, hobbyists most often have to help literally acquire specimens. The most typical technique of doing more of these can be by trolling or seining. Unlike retail available sultry fish, in whose tendencies behaviour as well as fish tank compatibilities are generally properly documented, coldwater sea food need very much neighborhood ichthyology understanding as a way to manage them.

Many temperate perch have specific area diet regime requirements, even though others, including tautog (blackfish), will eat almost any crustacean as well as frosty foods. The blackfish should not always be placed with crabs as well as mollusks, though other fish, like the oyster christmas cracker toadfish, is going to do okay with any kind of sea food that is not really small enough to suit in to it is mouth. Due to be able to the item staying this type of localised hobby, not many persons go your option involving local tanks. However, there're extra cost-effective as compared with reef tanks, less costly along with less complicated to maintain, and the bass hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists start with a youthful age, and it requires practical knowledge before anybody can effectively gauge your match ups involving that species of fish in your area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live are a blast can be steel that was within the ocean, consisting of limestone and decomposing barrier skeleton, typically all over some sort of barrier ocean including these all over Fiji, it is normally covered having helpful algae, coralline in addition to minor invertebrates and bacterias in which tend to be suitable while in the aquarium. Some examples of the particular microfauna typically discovered with are living rock and roll are crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, as well as an occasional marine urchin, seaside anemone, coral, and also seashore sponge. Also, when the aquarist is actually unlucky, your mantis shrimp. Bristleworms may also be common, many of which, even though unattractive, are not unsafe and are also useful scavengers; a few varieties could be pests, however. The add-on of live rock and roll is definitely certainly one of one of the best means to guarantee a beautiful aquarium, when the rock gives a buffer t o maintain huge pH (8.0-8.3), alkalinity, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity is normally known by a quite confusing term, "carbonate hardness", or perhaps KH. This is frequently tested throughout "degrees" (dKH) or meq/L.

The microfauna identified about live rock usually are detrivores plus herbivores (as they will have algae plus seafood waste), and still provide seafood along with a natural, interesting shelter. Live rock ordinarily arrives from online marketers seeing that "uncured", and also must be quarantined from a split aquarium while undergoing the particular is necessary process, , involving that inevitable die-off of a number of this rock's inhabitants and also the future creation involving unsuitable ammonia and also nitrite. Live rock and roll that may be already remedied is available at most family dog stores that will compliment saltwater. Live sand resembles dwell rock and roll which is both equally desirable.

Filtration

A new sump with some spaces as well as some sort of protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums have more complex purification specifications than most freshwater aquariums. The various pieces usually comprise Wet in addition to dried up filters and Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers are usually products that remove organic and natural compounds preceding for their degradation, and are also furthermore very helpful within marine aquariums. Protein skimming is also employed in the particular common Berlin process that is based about stay rock, in addition to routine partial water adjustments to be able to lower and take away waste materials products. The Berlin method utilizes considerable amounts connected with dwell rock and roll getting bundled inside aquarium. The rule is 1/2 - a single lb. each 1 US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg per 4 liters).

Some marine aquariums furthermore include things like a refugium and/or a new sump. Refugiums tend to be tiny containers or aquariums that are concealed at the rear of or even underneath the leading aquarium in addition to attached to that by way of a water pump. Refugiums include recently develop into very popular among reef aquarists simply because they may be used to assist a number of uses like adding drinking water quantity or even supplying a fish-free website with regard to biological filtration in reside are insane and/or the sandbed. Fish-free refugiums usually are coordinator for you to populations involving copepods, amphipods, isopods and alternative zooplankton. The sump may have quite a few compartments, each featuring a own purification material. Often, heaters, thermostats, and protein skimmers are usually turned to the sump.

Lighting

A DIY shiny halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical lights is employed around aquariums to be able to duplicate time plus night. This is helpful for bass in addition to invertebrates because it establishes a routine, makes it possible for them that will rest, along with would make them feel much more secure. The illumination used deviates depending on the actual people from the aquarium. Typically, the species of lighting style for aquariums having perch only is certainly unimportant. In aquariums containing invertebrates, however, when algal progress (of both equally free-living and symbiotic algae) is desired, more rigorous lights is actually required. There a wide range of sorts of gizmos available: a number of popular varieties incorporate fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), lightweight fluorescent, LED along with material halide. Actinic signals create a strong azure variety meant to replicate the predominant wavelength with light a number of metres underneath the actual ocean's surface.

Many several solutions help to make several claims in relation to which kind of light technique are the best. In reality, every single technology or maybe alternative possesses it has the unique rewards plus disadvantages. The a lot of simple lights reference is usually herbal sunlight. This is merely successful around areas at the equator because power regarding the sun's rays is best there. Efficiently applying pure sunlight demands intricate organizing and, when such, this particular process can be applied on only the most important ocean systems.

The following intensify inside technologies is incandescent lamps. These are generally quite wasteful regarding energy, making in between 15 in addition to thirty lumens for each watt of electric power (Out on the possible 683 lumens every watt regarding the perfect mild source). Standard fluorescent flashlights offer a great enhancement over incandescents. There tend to be better color temperature included in fluorescent tubes which have been much more acceptable to aquariums than those of usual light bulb. They will also be more efficient, averaging concerning 92 % of plus 95 lumens each watt. The downside to standard fluorescent signals is the fact they just don't contain the depth to penetrate towards further aquariums.

There will be numerous superior variations of fluorescent technology. The main people became excessive end product (VHO), energy compact fluorescent (PC), and T-5 substantial productivity (HO). VHO table lamps will be fluorescent lights run with greater energy levels, typically about three moments typical wattage for just a presented bulb length. They have a look at high light source output, nevertheless the larger size incandescent bulbs confine the particular performance connected with reflectors. PC lighting is usually high-power fluorescent lighting, even so the incandescent bulbs are generally flattened to place extra tubes inside a given space. The result regarding PC lamps are usually reduced simply by inefficient reflector designs.

VHO and also PC bulbs may also be pretty high-priced that will replace. T-5 HO signals will be the most up-to-date alternative upon fluorescent lights. They tend to be run at slightly higher strength degrees in comparison with standard fluorescent lamps, but are built a lot thinner. This enables more efficient reflector models this have more mild in the aquarium. Because involving this, higher quality T-5 systems normally match or maybe go over the output of the same compact fluorescent and also VHO lighting effects fixtures. All forms of fluorescent illumination deliver the identical efficiency within lumens per watt; them is a form of the light bulb and reflectors that creates their overall results different.

Metal halide gizmos are the next amount way up out of fluorescent technology. Metal halides generate regarding 90-100 lumens per watt involving power. This can be roughly like fluorescent. The enhancement having metallic halides is definitely which they focus that light source result proper microscopic space, whereas fluorescent lights evenly light up your whole aquarium. This is generally categorised as place reference lighting, and is what reasons your rippling visual influence on a lot of advanced fish tank setups. This attention of mild end result boosts the intensity, enabling sheet metal halide lamps to buy a large amount of lighting to perhaps the actual quite bottom amounts of most aquariums. Metal halides presented in numerous coloration temps , coming from 6500 K around 20,000 K, although lamps when substantial since 50,000 K tend to be occasionally found. The downsides involving metallic halide lighting are the cost along with the heat produced.

Most metallic halide features tend to be more in comparison with dual the purchase price associated with a good same in principle wattage fluorescent system, although price ranges include begun to shift inside recent years. Halide flashlights focus warmth because well since mild output. The surface area of your managing light becomes warm enough to help bring about subsequent or perhaps third gradation melts away instantly, so this particular illumination engineering should be used in combination with caution. The heating produced could also comfy your fish tank that will unacceptable levels, generally necessitating the utilization of your chiller. The many recent supplement for the all the list fish tank lighting technology will be LED lighting. These have potential that they are extra helpful in comparison with any other technology, but haven't still come to be therefore because of concerns of warmth dissipation. LED's have advantage associated with point source lighting, h owever can be entirely dimmable with just about any electrical power level. This permits more advanced lighting style schedules, also the actual simulation of impair cover. So far, LED's have realized use generally since lunar lighting.

When contemplating lighting style to get an aquarium, you'll find usually two variables that will consider: wattage and also coloring temperature. Depending about the sort of lighting style (i.e. fluorescents, metal halide, etc) the wattage regarding mild emitted are different considerably, through tens of watts to be able to numerous hundred or so watts within your lighting system. Wattage, whilst not indicative with color, is actually comparable to electricity and essentially determines precisely how brightly the actual light could shine. Due to the dispersing associated with gentle in water, the more completely one's tank is, the more powerful this lighting style required. Color temperature, assessed inside kelvins (albeit slightly unrepresentively) makes reference on the coloring connected with light source getting emitted from the table lamp in addition to is predicated about the idea of blackbody radiation. Light on the sunlight is known for a colouring temperature invo lving around 5900 K and lighting effects models together with colour temperatures >5000 K usually are greatest with regard to growing facilities both in the marine in addition to freshwater setting. 10,000 K light source appears bluish-white and emphasizes coloration with the fish tank as well as corals. Higher up on the actual pole at this time there usually are 14,000 K and 20,000 K incandescent bulbs that make a serious blue tint which copy the actual illumination ailments underseas, developing an exceptional feel for invertebrates and also livestock present.

Heating

Most marine aquarium tank residents usually are endemic in order to warm reefs plus ocean in Africa, Southeast Asia, along with the Red Sea. Marine aquarium temp must mirror the environment associated with your inhabitants and also are generally in most cases retained during 23 to twenty-eight degrees Celsius (73-82 F). In districts the place that the ambient temps is definitely less approach preferred temperatures belonging to the tank that generally needs the usage of a strong fish tank heater. In some parts background temperature is definitely above the specified heat range along with refrigeration devices, generally known as "chillers", are utilized in order to great your tank water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists commonly analyze your water in the aquarium with regard to a variety of compound indications regarding normal water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, a general determine associated with water density, can be usually maintained between 1.020 in addition to 1.024 around aquariums with bass only, in addition to 1.023 in addition to 1.026 to get aquariums formulated with invertebrates. Salinity ought to for that reason end up being involving 28 plus 35 PPT, using the larger beliefs currently being beneficial within advanced deep sea systems. Because salinity can be by definition directly associated with distinct gravity, each is usually tried having a relatively inexpensive hydrometer or perhaps refractometer.

pH ought to be serviced concerning 8.1 plus 8.3. This may be higher which includes a from the commercial perspective available buffering broker or even through calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate hardness (KH) should end up being involving 8 and 12 college diplomas of carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor can help in having together pH and also carbonate hardness. Using pure mineral water coming from a invert osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) unit could stop KH plus pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen period is the word for your conversion of poisonous ammonia for you to nitrite and lastly nitrate. While fish waste material (urine along with feces) plus decaying subject relieve ammonia, many ammonia published (approximately 60%) in both marine as well as freshwater aquariums is actually excreted specifically in the waters with the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification changes the ammonia into nitrite ions, NO2-, then to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate is actually easily taken on and assimilated by way of algae and hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is actually altered via an anaerobic bacterial procedure for you to free nitrogen, but this method is extremely difficult for you to maintain. In that the latest past, almost all nitrate, that's a reduced amount of dangerous in order to fishes and quite a few invertebrates than nitrites, acquired from the water until eventually that appeared to be physically removed by way of mineral water change. However, a lot of marine aquarists have become employing having a special component to the tank or distinct gas tank altogether, known as your "refugium." A refugium is, as its identify suggests, a sheltered area that stocks water considering the primary, and also display, tank. Refugiums commonly include a serious crushed stone mattress to permit anoxic areas to develop within these individuals in which anaerobic acne bacteria can change nitrate into nitrogen gas, a useful technique of nitrate removal. Various varieties of macroalgae could be grown as well as farmed on the refugium when a different way of nitrate export. As refugiums grow to be additional common in marine aquaria, nitrate ranges tend to be effortlessly possible with regard to sometimes the actual newbie hobbyist. Ammonia in addition to nitrite should be tested regularly; any kind of detectable concentrations (i.e., more than 0 ppm) could be indicative with some sort of problem. Nitrates should not exceed 2 ppm in offs hore tanks, or 20 ppm around fish-only tanks. It might possibly be tolerable to obtain a tiny quantity of nitrate buildup, seeing that a few livestock, especially fish, are generally pretty understanding connected with nitrate. Most corals, although able in order to assimilate nitrate, is not likely that will survive, a lot less thrive, with substantial nitrate concentrations.

Other advised tests include things like all those regarding calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, along with different search for elements. It is frequently advantageous (and necessary) with the aquarist in order to investigation the lake chemistry ranges for the precise organism that is certainly desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation is a method that's completed when adding brand new marine lifetime to be able to a strong aquarium, especially to get invertebrates, who don't have any osmoregulation. This procedure slowly but surely presents the actual organisms into the water composition belonging to the fresh environment, avoiding shock resulting from sharp improvements around drinking water chemistry. There are generally numerous different types of carrying out this, like the by using your generate line, or even of the measuring cup as well as alternative apparatus for you to little by little combine water in the aquarium reservoir into a container by using the actual different animal.

Water changes

Water variations can be a staple regarding beneficial saltwater maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums are generally far more secure and also normal water variations may well not really ought to take place if your nitrogen cycle provides thoroughly proven once more within the tank, however this is certainly some sort of questionable record among aquarists. Water alterations are employed to maintain stability involving calcium, carbonate alkalinity, and magnesium which have been quickly depleted inside a deep sea aquarium, although also sustaining levels involving some other trace elements at the same time because removing poisonous solutes which might accumulate from many different methods and they are struggles to be removed through sometimes advanced filtration methods. Supplements tend to be wanted (such while calcium) when regular water changes on your own are generally not capable to take care of ample levels, in particular all those with calcium, carbo nate, and also magnesium. Water modifications entail getting rid of some sort of small percentage belonging to the overall amount with the actual aquarium, changing that will water together with new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed offshore possesses happen to be dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically along with an component including bisulfite or through filtering. Water needs to be exposed to exactly the same heat in the event that more than a 5% transform is usually occurring. Salinity have to match that on the aquarium, or perhaps often be dosed incredibly slowly in the event that altering your salinity. Aging plus aerating offshore (such like for example a bucket with some sort of powerhead or airstone) is definitely advised seeing that fine train to allow that pH in order to stabilize.

Replacement drinking water must be from the same source for the reason that aquarium, whether or not the idea always be opposite osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled or maybe at a municipal supply, as a way to stay away from drastic improvements throughout mineral water chemistry. In circumstances wherever a single is replacing a new faucet water-based salt selection which has a invert osmosis-based salt mix, your replacing normal water ought to be put in slowly with the study course with time in order to avoid mailing this aquarium people in to osmotic shock. However, great mineral water variations usually are not encouraged below regime circumstances anyways, thus this can be actually irrelevant. Municipal, or faucet water, is not really encouraged for a marine fish tank as it typically features high concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, plus silicates and various other d issolved solids which usually gasoline this growth of annoyance algaes, especially diatoms, which looks for a corrode colored powdery algae in addition to expands inside the overabundance with silicates specific to most tap water. Water filtered by just a a number of period process which include mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, and also de-ionizing elements can be suggested as this may provide easy and simple option to totally pure water. Four along with Five cycle RO/DI purification models is often obtained regarding as low as $100 and so are a cost effective methods of transforming engage water straight into water operational from a marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost all species kept in marine aquaria at this occassion are grabbed from the wild, though tank-raised specimens are getting to be increasingly common as a viable alternative. Only a number of types just like clownfish tend to be captive-bred on a financial scale. Much gathering up is complete throughout Indonesia as well as the Philippines, where using cyanide and alternative destructive selection methods, though discouraged, is regrettably common. The bulk involving live are insane is likewise refined inside the wild, along with recent rules on this particular picking around Florida possess brought about a new change to Fijian plus aquacultured rock. Natural rock, because it can be designed by coral polyps, will take a long time otherwise centuries in order to form, and is particularly an essential habitat intended for many marine species; thus, commercial-scale growing regarding naturally-occurring are living good ole' continues to be criticized by conservationists. Add itionally, quite a few animal types distributed to help hobbyists have incredibly precise health plus habitat prerequisites in which are not able to possibly be met by way of hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, the moorish idol); all these wildlife pretty much surely expire easily and get substantially lessened lifespans when compared to wild specimens. Often these kinds of precise topographical conditions lead to incorrectly housed lifestock's color plus look to get poor. These difficulties are often downplayed by means of individuals and also businesses that has a monetary curiosity about the actual trade. Hobbyists whom service conservation must purchase only licensed net-caught perch (although ensuring the particular legitimacy connected with these kinds of boasts could be difficult) as well as captive-raised fish, and also farmed corals and also to service reliable reef resource efficiency efforts. The tastes corals can be "fragged", where a portion of the much lar ger captive coral is actually separated and can later be raised into somebody specimen, considering coral dissemination inside the domestic aquarium; the particular deal in frags (i.e. fragments) offers a excellent ability for marine aquarists to obtain brand-new along with exclusive corals when decreasing the particular impact on your healthy environment. Rare types and also people without getting a background involving becoming excellently kept throughout captivity should be avoided.

Commercial front

Various firms have got added a business the front to fishkeeping, perhaps the major being Marineland, Inc. With your development regarding huge machine company treatments emphasizing breeding substantial quantities involving specimens, marine fishkeeping is now a lot more widespread than actually before. Perhaps the largest turndown throughout marine fishkeeping is a initial installation cost. A 100 US gallon (400 L) offshore gas tank rich in coral in addition to apparatus can certainly charge in excess of $2,500 US. Aside on the difficulty, this is the large element as to why freshwater fishkeeping holds so frequent with regards to its marine counterpart.

References in addition to further more reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, through Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, simply by Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to be able to Selection, Care in addition to Compatibility, by Anthony Calfo as well as Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, in addition to Natural History, by means of Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches in order to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, by means of John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish along with Aquaria: Marine in the Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, a Reef Keeping wiki retained by the Marine Aquarium Societies involving Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, an affiliate site providing information, specifications, critiques in addition to DIY Plans for Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, a website giving information in addition to providing options for your coldwater marine aquarium tank hobbyist

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Aquarium plus fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater tank Marine fish tank Brackish water aquarium Community reservoir Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium tools plus furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep crushed stone pickup bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood and also Driftwood Airstone Live steel Substrate Fishcam Aquarium fish feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy sea food Dither fish Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical sea food Coldwater perch Painted fish

Fish food

Flake foodstuff Feeder sea food Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List of fresh water aquarium fish species List regarding freshwater fish tank plant varieties List with fresh water aquarium invertebrate species List of marine aquarium perch species List involving brackish tank fish kinds List of aquarium tank diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning sparks Reef harmless MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium associated companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles needing additional personal references from July 2007 | All content requiring extra references | All content articles with unsourced terms | Articles having unsourced terms from December 2008 | Articles formulated with online video media clips

Oceanic Aquarium