Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The primary deep sea tanks were Venetian a glass jars where this Romans held anemones outdoors, but these techniques were really simple lived. The initial particular offshore fishkeeping began over a wider range inside the 1950s, starting with all the basic rectangular glass aquariums (usually thirty gallon), still well-known today. Bleached coral and also a substrate involving rough crushed coral were the norm. Algae, which include beneficial types including coralline algae, were viewed adversely and also ended up typically removed. The clean, sterile reservoir ended up being thought of because the healthiest.

During that first days with marine aquaria, saltwater had been obtained at community beaches. Natural deep sea is made up of countless dangerous organisms along with pollutants. Aquarium reading of that time period suggests which the usually stored marine sea food ended up that percula clownfish, sergeant major damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish along with scats, jeweled blennies, and also blue damsels. Aquariums had been built with large air conditioning compressors, and also ended up intensely aerated and also filtered (primarily using undergravel filters, a convention for a few time).

An ever-growing range involving hobbyists that great hassle associated with gathering pure seashore water plus the concurrent progress of analytical biochemistry procedures took analysis in the chemical arrangement involving ocean water. Synthetic salt combines were being formulated to replicate the substance environment of your tropical ocean, such as know features and salts. This advance designed marine fishkeeping popular within spots with no usage of sparkling sea water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers and trustworthy submersible electric powered heaters were conceived in Germany. Various breakthroughs with purification involved trickle and hang-on filters, equally allowing a more organic balance within the aquarium environment. The advancement with fluorescent lighting know-how to be able to present increased output, together with metal halide lighting, enabled the best reef tanks, defining it as likely to hold corals and other invertebrates with out natural sunlight.

More successful chemical substance screening helped aquarists for you to fully grasp the element qualities with aquariums. By the 1980s, a biologically-based understanding of the way to keep a great artificial marine setting added extra prosperous along with prevalent marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine tank components

The major pieces are usually a strong aquarium, typically created from tumbler as well as acrylic, purification equipment, lighting, along with an fish tank heater. Marine aquariums can array around volume from a lesser amount of than 80 liters, (< 20 US gal) to be able to more than 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small volumes will be more tough not to lose due to more rapid alterations inside drinking water chemistry. The major deep sea aquariums are somewhere between 160 in addition to six hundred liters (40 in addition to 100 US gal).

Nano offshore aquarium tank serviced during home

Types associated with marine aquariums

Marine aquarists usually separate offshore aquariums into those people property seafood only, these construction species of fish by using survive rock, plus those people largely which will home corals as well as other invertebrates (also generally known as offshore aquariums). Many seafood hobbyists also divide that types of ocean tanks influenced by water temperatures at which will they're just kept.

Tropical marine

The most familiar type connected with saltwater sea food tank, your warm marine tank, houses marine animals from exotic climates. Usually stored somewhere between twenty four for you to twenty-eight college diplomas Celsius (76-82 F), all these tanks incorporate tropical reef tanks, together with fish-only tanks. These tanks are inclined to have a very low concentrations regarding tiny plankton and various foods eaten through filtration feeders. Most livestock regarding most of these aquariums tend to be acquired through industrial means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One with a lot more obscure different types of perch tanks, your coldwater marine tank, contains bass regarding temperate climates, along with temperatures ranging close to 10 that will twenty-four amounts Celsius (5075F). While these tanks aren't while beautifully satisfying as their tropical counterparts, colorful variety for example dahlia anemones as well as the elaborate cowfish might be found. However almost all coldwater sea food are usually dreary as well as boring with color. Most vibrant species are found while in the western pacific. These tanks in addition often involve excess ability to be able to maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria usually are rare and coldwater corals exclusively arise from good depths, hobbyists are usually basically confined to fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Since you can find very few in a commercial sense accessible coldwater fish, hobbyists most often have to help bodily obtain specimens. The most common technique of carrying this out is usually by trolling as well as seining. Unlike from the commercial perspective obtainable tropical fish, whose actions designs in addition to aquarium compatibilities tend to be good documented, coldwater fish require much local ichthyology understanding so that you can maintain them.

Many temperate bass have specific neighborhood eating routine requirements, although others, just like tautog (blackfish), will take in virtually any crustacean as well as frozen foods. The blackfish must not be kept with crabs as well as mollusks, while different fish, just like the oyster cracker toadfish, can do excellent having every bass of which is not really tiny ample to suit straight into its mouth. Due to help this currently being this type of localized hobby, very few people move the course with neighborhood tanks. However, they are more cost-effective than ocean tanks, less costly along with a lot easier that will maintain, plus the perch hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists commence at the younger age, plus it usually takes experience ahead of one can possibly excellently evaluate the match-ups with the actual seafood within your area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live are a blast will be are insane that has been inside ocean, characterized by limestone as well as decomposing barrier skeleton, generally about a new coral offshore for instance those all-around Fiji, as well as being usually included using valuable algae, coralline plus tiny invertebrates plus germs which can be desirable within the aquarium. Some items on the microfauna frequently discovered on stay are insane tend to be crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, in addition to an intermittent sea urchin, seaside anemone, coral, and seaside sponge. Also, if your aquarist is usually unlucky, a mantis shrimp. Bristleworms will also be common, almost all connected with which, whilst unattractive, may not be unsafe as well as usually are beneficial scavengers; quite a few race is often pests, however. The inclusion involving survive good ole' can be one of several best ways of be sure your desired aquarium, while the good ole' provides a new stream to maintain substantial pH (8.0-8.3), alkalinity, and also acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity is often acknowledged by the rather difficult term, "carbonate hardness", and also KH. This will likely be tested around "degrees" (dKH) as well as meq/L.

The microfauna identified on survive are insane will be detrivores as well as herbivores (as some people feed on algae and also perch waste), and still provide fish having a natural, appealing shelter. Live rock normally reaches its destination coming from online dealers because "uncured", plus need to be quarantined in the independent aquarium while starting this healing process, which usually entails that inescapable die-off associated with a lot of the rock's population plus this next output associated with undesirable ammonia and nitrite. Live are a blast that may be already cured can be acquired at most of the pet outlets which serve saltwater. Live stone dust is just like stay steel along with is usually both equally desirable.

Filtration

A brand-new sump by using a few storage compartments as well as some sort of protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums have got more sophisticated purification conditions than most freshwater aquariums. The several features usually incorporate Wet and dry filters and also Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers are usually devices that clear away natural and organic compounds before that will their degradation, and are also likewise invaluable around marine aquariums. Protein skimming can be applied while in the well-known Berlin process that depends on dwell rock, and routine partial waters modifications that will degrade and also remove waste products. The Berlin technique will depend on huge amounts of reside are a blast currently being within the aquarium. The principle of browse can be 1/2 - a single lb. per just one US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg per 4 liters).

Some marine aquariums likewise incorporate some sort of refugium and/or a sump. Refugiums will be small pots or even aquariums in which are generally hidden powering or perhaps beneath the leading fish tank along with connected to this via your waters pump. Refugiums include just lately become quite popular between deep sea aquarists because they could be accustomed to provide various functions for example adding normal water volume or perhaps giving a fish-free internet site to get biological filtration throughout stay good ole' and/or the particular sandbed. Fish-free refugiums tend to be particular that will populations with copepods, amphipods, isopods along with different zooplankton. The sump might include a number of compartments, each and every which consists of very own filtration material. Often, heaters, thermostats, along with protein skimmers will be placed inside sump.

Lighting

A DIY material halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical lighting style is used in aquariums to help imitate evening as well as night. This is beneficial intended for fish in addition to invertebrates mainly because it establishes a routine, enables these to rest, and can make them experience a lot more secure. The lighting effects made use of differs subject to this populace with the aquarium. Typically, the kind with lighting pertaining to aquariums using seafood just is perceived as unimportant. In aquariums containing invertebrates, however, where algal increase (of together free-living and symbiotic algae) will be desired, a lot more intense lighting effects is usually required. There are lots of types of signals available: a few common styles incorporate fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), compact fluorescent, LED along with material halide. Actinic lighting create a full pink variety built to simulate the prominent wavelength involving easy some metres underneath the ocean's surface.

Many diverse methods make distinct claims about which kind of lighting system is that best. In reality, every technology as well as variant features unique advantages and disadvantages. The a lot of old fashioned lighting effects supply is definitely healthy sunlight. This is only helpful with spots in the vicinity of that equator because the intensity of the sun's rays will be biggest there. Efficiently utilizing natural sunlight requires complex setting up and, while such, that procedure is employed about solely the biggest offshore systems.

The upcoming big step in technology is incandescent lamps. These have become wasteful with energy, producing between 12-15 and 30 lumens for every watt associated with strength (Out on the feasible 683 lumens each watt pertaining to a great great light source). Standard fluorescent lamps give you a wonderful betterment above incandescents. There are far better color temps easily obtainable in fluorescent tubes which might be much more suited for you to aquariums as compared to those of normal gentle bulb. They are additionally additional efficient, averaging concerning ninety days in addition to 95 lumens for each watt. The disadvantage in regular fluorescent lamps will be of which they cannot hold the power to help permeate into deeper aquariums.

There certainly are a variety connected with improved modifications of fluorescent technology. The most important kinds have become large end product (VHO), energy compact fluorescent (PC), along with T-5 excessive end product (HO). VHO lamps are fluorescent table lamps manage at larger power levels, typically about three moments the particular typical wattage for your granted light length. They have the advantage connected with large mild output, but the larger size lights limit that efficacy regarding reflectors. PC lighting can be high-power fluorescent lighting, women and men bulbs are flattened that can put more tubes in the provided space. The productivity with PC bulbs tend to be reduced by simply disfunctional reflector designs.

VHO and PC incandescent bulbs can be fairly costly that will replace. T-5 HO lamps are the newest variation on fluorescent lights. They are manage with somewhat larger electricity levels as compared to ordinary fluorescent lamps, but are made a lot thinner. This permits extra efficient reflector patterns this have additional light in to the aquarium. Because of this, excellent quality T-5 devices often complement or maybe go over the actual expenditure associated with equal stream-lined fluorescent or perhaps VHO illumination fixtures. All varieties of fluorescent lighting offer a similar proficiency in lumens every watt; it truly is that pattern in the lamp plus reflectors this makes their own general results different.

Metal halide lights is also the up coming amount upwards from fluorescent technology. Metal halides manufacture about 90-100 lumens per watt of power. This is roughly just as fluorescent. The betterment having metallic halides is the fact that these people concentrate this light output in to a really small space, although fluorescent gizmos evenly illumine all the aquarium. This is normally labelled as issue resource lighting, as well as being what exactly causes that rippling image consequence on numerous superior aquarium tank setups. This concentration regarding light result boosts the intensity, allowing steel halide bulbs to buy a lot associated with easy to help actually the very bottom amounts involving most aquariums. Metal halides come in a lot of shade heat , from 6500 K upwards to 20,000 K, though lamps because high as 50,000 K tend to be at times found. The downsides of material halide lighting will be the price tag plus the heat produced.

Most shiny halide fittings are definitely than double the price tag on a great comparable wattage fluorescent system, nevertheless rates have started that will decrease around recent years. Halide lighting unit completely focus heat and also easy output. The surface of an operating light fixture turns into hot plenty of in order to induce subsequent or third gradation uses up instantly, therefore this particular illumination technological innovation need to become used with caution. The high temperature created also can warm this aquarium that will unpleasant levels, typically necessitating the application of your chiller. The most recent supplement into the listing of tank lighting style technology is actually LED lighting. These hold the possibilities for being extra economical when compared with another technology, but have not nevertheless develop into thus as a consequence o f problems associated with high temperature dissipation. LED's develop the gain involving level form lighting, nevertheless will also be absolutely dimmable during virtually any energy level. This makes for additional superior lighting schedules, also the simulation regarding cloud cover. So far, LED's have found employ largely when lunar lighting.

When taking into consideration lighting for an aquarium, you can find usually two reasons in order to consider: wattage plus color temperature. Depending to the style connected with lighting style (i.e. fluorescents, metal halide, etc) the particular wattage of lighting provided can vary considerably, out of tens associated with watts to be able to several number of watts inside a lighting style system. Wattage, without the need of indicative regarding color, is equal to electric power plus in essence depends on precisely how brightly the light will certainly shine. Due for the scattering involving mild in water, that deeper one's container is, greater potent your lighting required. Color temperature, calculated in kelvins (albeit slightly unrepresentively) looks at the colour regarding lighting currently being emitted by simply that lamp and is particularly according to the concept connected with blackbody radiation. Light from the sunlight has some sort of coloration temper ature of approximately 5900 K and lighting devices together with color temp >5000 K are often greatest with regard to growing plants in both the particular marine plus freshwater setting. 10,000 K easy looks bluish-white as well as makes important coloration inside variety of fish that as well as corals. Higher up on the actual spectrum there are actually 14,000 K along with 20,000 K lamps that build a heavy pink tint which will simulate the light problems underseas, producing a good exceptional atmosphere pertaining to invertebrates plus livestock present.

Heating

Most marine aquarium inhabitants are endemic to be able to sultry reefs as well as ocean inside Africa, Southeast Asia, and your Red Sea. Marine aquarium tank temps must mirror your natural environment in the people and therefore are most often managed with 23 to be able to 28 degrees Celsius (73-82 F). In zones the place that the ambient temperature is usually a smaller amount versus sought after heat range in the aquarium the following commonly requires the use of a strong fish tank heater. In some parts ambient temperature is usually a lot more than the required temperatures as well as refrigeration devices, called "chillers", are widely-used to help cool that aquarium water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists commonly check this normal water in the fish tank for just a different chemical substance indicators involving water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, some sort of distant relative determine with mineral water density, will be generally preserved between 1.020 and 1.024 inside aquariums having species of fish only, and 1.023 and 1.026 for aquariums that contains invertebrates. Salinity have to consequently end up being among 28 in addition to thirty-five PPT, along with the larger prices becoming valuable in superior reef systems. Because salinity can be simply by meaning directly linked to unique gravity, both equally might be analyzed having cost-effective hydrometer as well as refractometer.

pH need to be preserved somewhere between 8.1 and 8.3. This is usually elevated that has a retail on the market buffering adviser or as a result of calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate solidity (KH) needs to be between 8-10 along with 12 college diplomas of carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor may help around maintaining both pH and carbonate hardness. Using purified mineral water from a slow osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) unit might keep KH in addition to pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen cycle refers for the the conversion process connected with harmful ammonia to nitrite fiftly nitrate. While seafood waste (urine in addition to feces) plus decaying topic release ammonia, the bulk of with ammonia published (approximately 60%) around together marine and freshwater aquariums is definitely excreted specifically in the water through the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification switches this ammonia straight into nitrite ions, NO2-, and then to help nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate is definitely conveniently adopted and merged by simply algae and also hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is definitely converted via an anaerobic bacterial method to help cost-free nitrogen, but this method is very hard to help maintain. In the actual the latest past, the majority of nitrate, and that is a lesser amount of noxious to help fishes and a lot invertebrates when compared with nitrites, gathered within the mineral water right until it was physically removed b y the mineral water change. However, a lot of marine aquarists are actually utilizing using a special section of the actual tank or independent reservoir altogether, identified as a new "refugium." A refugium is, as it is label suggests, a sheltered area of which gives you water when using the primary, as well as display, tank. Refugiums usually include a serious crushed stone pickup bed to allow for anoxic specific zones that will produce inside all of them when anaerobic bacteria might change nitrate in to nitrogen gas, a good means of nitrate removal. Various forms regarding macroalgae is often produced and prepared from your refugium when a further way of nitrate export. As refugiums turn out to be more established in marine aquaria, nitrate ranges are generally simply feasible for even your novice hobbyist. Ammonia as well as nitrite ought to be analyzed regularly; virtually any detectable concentrations (i.e., over 0 ppm) can easily be indicative of a problem. Nitrates ought not discuss couple of ppm around reef tanks, or even 20 ppm around fish-only tanks. It might possibly be acceptable to have a little amount of nitrate buildup, seeing that a number of livestock, especially fish, are generally fairly understanding involving nitrate. Most corals, while qualified to assimilate nitrate, cannot be anticipated to survive, much less thrive, with high nitrate concentrations.

Other suggested checks include all those for calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, along with other search for elements. It is actually often effective (and necessary) with regard to the aquarist to homework the lake hormones boundaries for the particular patient that is definitely desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation can be a practice that is actually carried out any time incorporating new marine lifetime in order to a strong aquarium, in particular for invertebrates, whom lack osmoregulation. This process gradually innovates that organisms into the drinking water make up belonging to the different environment, preventing shock ensuing from unexpected alterations around drinking water chemistry. There tend to be numerous diverse types of doing this, like the make use of your drip line, and also of a testing goblet or maybe some other device that will slowly mix water with the aquarium tank container into a bottle when using the innovative animal.

Water changes

Water changes certainly are a staple connected with very good ocean maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums tend to be much more steady along with drinking water modifications may well not ought to happen when the nitrogen bike possesses thoroughly established once more inside the tank, however this can be a suspect report amongst aquarists. Water improvements are utilized to maintain stability involving calcium, carbonate alkalinity, and magnesium which might be rapidly used up in the ocean aquarium, when in addition having degrees of other trace features in addition to extracting deadly solutes that might build up out of several options as well as are struggles to possibly be taken off by actually sophisticated filtration methods. Supplements tend to be wanted (such seeing that calcium) when regular mineral water variations on it's own aren't qualified to retain sufficient levels, specially those of calcium, carbonate, in addition to magnesium. Water variat ions require getting rid of a tiny proportion on the total volume in the aquarium, upgrading that water with brand new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed ocean have been dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically using an additive like bisulfite or through filtering. Water should be dropped at this similar temperatures if more than a 5% modify will be occurring. Salinity need to match that in the aquarium, or be dosed pretty slowly in case altering the salinity. Aging and also aerating deep sea (such while in a suitable container that has a powerhead or maybe airstone) will be endorsed when very good exercise allowing that pH in order to stabilize.

Replacement water needs to be from the exact source as being the aquarium, no matter if it be invert osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled or perhaps originating from a municipal supply, so that you can keep away from profound changes within water chemistry. In conditions exactly where one is changing your tap water-based salt mix with a invert osmosis-based salt mix, the replacement unit water will need to be put in slowly with the training with time to avoid transmitting your tank populace in to osmotic shock. However, huge mineral water changes aren't suggested under schedule instances anyways, consequently the following is really irrelevant. Municipal, or even tap into water, seriously isn't recommended to get a marine aquarium tank as it usually is made up of higher amounts of nitrates, phosphates, along with silicates and other dissolved solids which will supply the growth with nuisance algaes, particularly diatoms, which seems like a corrosion tinted powdery algae a long with increases inside overabundance of silicates situated in all faucet water. Water filtered by some sort of four step course of action which include mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, and also de-ionizing parts is usually suggested when this can provide easy and simple route to absolutely genuine water. Four and Five point RO/DI purification gadgets is often received with regard to as little as $100 and are also an expense useful usually means regarding changing faucet drinking water into drinking water operational within a marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost many varieties kept with marine aquaria at this time tend to be caught in that wild, however tank-raised specimens have become ever more common being a worthwhile alternative. Only a few race for example clownfish usually are captive-bred on the professional scale. Much collecting is finished around Indonesia as well as the Philippines, where us going for cyanide along with other harmful collection methods, while discouraged, is definitely sadly common. The majority of live steel is usually refined within the wild, along with the latest limitations for this crop within Florida have induced a new shift in order to Fijian and aquacultured rock. Natural rock, because it is made simply by barrier polyps, takes quite a few decades in any other case ages to form, as well as being a vital environment regarding many marine species; thus, commercial-scale working of naturally-occurring reside are insane has been criticized by conservationists. Additionally, a lot of animal race available for you to hobbyists have very distinct eating along with environment demands this is not achieved simply by hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, the particular moorish idol); most of these wildlife nearly inevitably pass away speedily and now have markedly decreased lifespans compared to rough outdoors specimens. Often these kind of particular the environmental requirements bring about improperly housed lifestock's color and also look and feel to be poor. These concerns in many cases are downplayed simply by folks along with organizations having a economic affinity for the trade. Hobbyists which help support resource efficiency should obtain merely accredited net-caught fish (although making certain the legitimacy of like claims is often difficult) and also captive-raised fish, when nicely when farmed corals so to assist respectable reef resource efficiency efforts. The flavor corals can be "fragged", where some of a bigger captive coral is actually separated in addition to can certainly later be brought up into an individual specimen, permitting for coral dissemination from the domestic aquarium; the trade with frags (i.e. fragments) offers a brilliant opportunity for marine aquarists to have brand-new plus distinctive corals whilst constraining your affect that natural environment. Rare kinds and all those with out a history associated with getting successfully stored within captivity need to be avoided.

Commercial front

Various corporations have got brought a commercial the front to be able to fishkeeping, conceivably the most important getting Marineland, Inc. With this advent connected with great weighing machine company surgical procedures paying attention on breeding huge levels connected with specimens, marine fishkeeping is now a lot more widespread as compared with previously before. Perhaps the most important turndown in marine fishkeeping may be the initial set up cost. A 100 US gallon (400 L) deep sea gas tank brimming with barrier as well as gear can price tag within excessive with $2,500 US. Aside from your difficulty, that is a large aspect that explains why freshwater fishkeeping continues to be and so widespread with regards to its marine counterpart.

References and also further reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by means of Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by simply Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, simply by Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to Selection, Care and Compatibility, by Anthony Calfo in addition to Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History, by way of Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches for you to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, simply by John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish in addition to Aquaria: Marine at the Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, a Reef Keeping wiki maintained with the Marine Aquarium Societies associated with Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, a site offering information, specifications, assessments along with DIY Plans for Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, a site giving information along with supplying options regarding that coldwater marine tank hobbyist

v d e

Aquarium along with fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater fish tank Marine aquarium tank Brackish water aquarium tank Community tank Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium apparatus and also furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep stone dust bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood and Driftwood Airstone Live are insane Substrate Fishcam Aquarium bass feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy seafood Dither fish Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical bass Coldwater seafood Painted fish

Fish food

Flake meals Feeder fish Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List of freshwater aquarium tank bass types List involving freshwater fish tank grow species List regarding freshwater aquarium tank invertebrate types List of marine aquarium seafood species List involving brackish aquarium species of fish race List associated with tank diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning activates Reef risk-free MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium associated companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles seeking additional references from July 2007 | All articles desiring added sources | All reports along with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced transactions from December 2008 | Articles containing movie clips

Oceanic Aquarium