Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The initial deep sea tanks were Venetian a glass jars the place that the Romans stored anemones outdoors, but these kind of methods have been incredibly brief lived. The very first personalized saltwater fishkeeping begun with a more expansive scale in the 1950s, starting off together with the essential rectangle-shaped a glass aquariums (usually 20 gallon), however well-liked today. Bleached coral and a substrate connected with rough smashed coral have been that norm. Algae, like advantageous sorts like coralline algae, had been thought of in a wrong way as well as ended up usually removed. The clean, sterile container was seen your healthiest.

During this quick nights associated with marine aquaria, offshore seemed to be compiled at nearby beaches. Natural offshore contains many unnecessary organisms as well as pollutants. Aquarium materials of times hints the fact that in most cases placed marine fish had been this percula clownfish, sergeant major damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish in addition to scats, jeweled blennies, and blue damsels. Aquariums were prepared by significant air conditioning compressors, and had been closely aerated along with filtered (primarily with undergravel filters, some sort of usual for a few time).

An ever-growing amount of hobbyists experiencing the actual trouble involving accumulating herbal ocean water plus the concurrent development involving analytical chemistry approaches took exploration to the chemical arrangement of seashore water. Synthetic salt combines were designed in order to repeat the chemical environment with the sultry ocean, such as know factors as well as salts. This advance designed marine fishkeeping common with spots with no having access to clean ocean water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers plus trustworthy submersible electrical heaters ended up conceived around Germany. Various developments around purification bundled trickle in addition to hang-on filters, together enabling a a lot more normal equilibrium while in the tank environment. The improvement connected with fluorescent lighting effects systems to provide higher output, in addition to metallic halide lighting, made possible the very first offshore tanks, which makes it achievable to keep corals and other invertebrates without pure sunlight.

More helpful compound testing allowed aquarists to understand the particular element qualities of aquariums. By the actual 1980s, a biologically-based comprehension of tips on how to maintain an unnatural ocean environment contributed a lot more flourishing in addition to popular marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine aquarium tank components

The important pieces usually are a great aquarium, ordinarily created from glass or acrylic, purification equipment, lighting, in addition to an tank heater. Marine aquariums could range within level from less than eighty liters, (< 20 US gal) to more than 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small quantities are definitely hard to maintain due to more rapid modifications in water chemistry. The most saltwater aquariums usually are among 160 in addition to 400 liters (40 along with one hundred US gal).

Nano reef aquarium maintained from home

Types regarding marine aquariums

Marine aquarists usually divide offshore aquariums directly into these property fish only, those housing fish having reside rock, and also all those primarily meant to house corals along with other invertebrates (also generally known as deep sea aquariums). Many fish hobbyists furthermore divide the sorts of ocean tanks based about the drinking water temp at which there're kept.

Tropical marine

The most popular type of deep sea fish tank, the exotic marine tank, houses marine family pets coming from tropical climates. Usually stored between twenty four to twenty eight certifications Celsius (76-82 F), these kind of tanks include tropical reef tanks, together with fish-only tanks. These tanks tend to employ a very low concentrations of microscopic plankton in addition to some other foodstuff consumed by separate out feeders. Most livestock intended for these types of aquariums are acquired through financial means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One on the far more obscure sorts of perch tanks, your coldwater marine tank, contains fish of temperate climates, together with temperatures which range about eight in order to twenty-four certifications Celsius (5075F). While a large number of tanks usually are not seeing that visually agreeable as his or her tropical counterparts, amazing race just like dahlia anemones along with the lavish cowfish can always be found. However nearly all coldwater bass are generally grey or perhaps lifeless throughout color. Most vibrant race are found from the traditional western pacific. These tanks additionally often call for additional expertise to help maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria are generally exceptional along with coldwater corals only take place from fantastic depths, hobbyists are generally mostly restricted to fish, crustaceans and also mollusks. Since you can find virtually no commercially out there coldwater fish, hobbyists will often have to actually acquire specimens. The most familiar technique of carrying this out can be simply by trolling or maybe seining. Unlike commercially offered sultry fish, whose behaviour habits and also reservoir compatibilities are generally effectively documented, coldwater perch demand significantly community ichthyology understanding so that they can sustain them.

Many temperate fish possess precise local diet requirements, whilst others, like tautog (blackfish), will have nearly any crustacean or frostbite foods. The blackfish must not often be kept together with crabs and also mollusks, although various other fish, such as the oyster xmas cracker toadfish, could do fine having just about any species of fish which is definitely not little ample to fit into their mouth. Due to this being a great local hobby, a small number people today move the actual option involving local tanks. However, many people are definitely cost-effective compared to deep sea tanks, less expensive along with simpler in order to maintain, and also the seafood hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists start with a young age, and it will take experience in advance of one can possibly excellently measure the compatibility on the sea food within your area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live good ole' can be are insane that was in the ocean, characterized by limestone in addition to decomposing barrier skeleton, usually all around a barrier reef such as those about Fiji, as well as being generally insured together with beneficial algae, coralline and little invertebrates as well as microbes which have been suitable while in the aquarium. Some degrees of the actual microfauna normally observed on are living rock and roll tend to be crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, plus an intermittent sea urchin, ocean anemone, coral, as well as sea sponge. Also, should the aquarist will be unlucky, your mantis shrimp. Bristleworms may also be common, the majority of which, while unattractive, usually are not hazardous and they are practical scavengers; a number of species is often pests, however. The addition involving live rock and roll is definitely on the list of best methods to be sure a proper aquarium, since the rock provides a buffer to be able to maintain high pH (8.0-8.3), alkalinity, plus acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity can often be regarded by the somewhat puzzling term, "carbonate hardness", and also KH. This is often scored throughout "degrees" (dKH) or meq/L.

The microfauna located on survive rock are detrivores and also herbivores (as these people eat algae plus species of fish waste), and offer seafood using a natural, attractive shelter. Live are a blast typically will come through on-line sellers when "uncured", plus has to be quarantined in a very distinguish tank even though considering your curing process, , involving this certain die-off of a few of the rock's inhabitants as well as the next output with unwanted ammonia plus nitrite. Live good ole' which is already curable is available at most pet outlets that serve saltwater. Live sand resembles survive rock and roll as well as being equally desirable.

Filtration

A new sump having three areas including a protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums possess extra elaborate filtration specifications than the majority of fresh water aquariums. The various factors commonly incorporate Wet plus waterless filters as well as Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers are devices which get rid of organic substances prior to their particular degradation, and are likewise very beneficial with marine aquariums. Protein skimming can also be utilised in standard Berlin approach that will relies on are living rock, along with regular partial drinking water variations in order to degrade and take out waste materials products. The Berlin procedure banks on huge amounts regarding reside good ole' being built into the aquarium. The guideline is 1/2 - a single lb. per 1 US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg for each some liters).

Some marine aquariums as well include things like a refugium and/or a new sump. Refugiums are compact canisters as well as aquariums that are usually covered driving or under the actual major aquarium and also associated with that by way of a drinking water pump. Refugiums have not long ago become quite well-liked by reef aquarists due to the fact they are often familiar with assist various requirements like introducing waters quantity and also delivering a new fish-free website for neurological filtration inside live rock and roll and/or the sandbed. Fish-free refugiums will be host to help populations associated with copepods, amphipods, isopods along with zooplankton. The sump may perhaps include a lots of compartments, every single with its personal purification material. Often, heaters, thermostats, plus protein skimmers are slipped into the sump.

Lighting

A DIY shiny halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical light is needed around aquariums to simulate evening along with night. This is beneficial regarding seafood and invertebrates given it establishes a routine, helps these individuals to be able to rest, and can make these feel more secure. The illumination employed varies depending on the particular residents belonging to the aquarium. Typically, the type involving illumination intended for aquariums with seafood only is undoubtedly unimportant. In aquariums comprising invertebrates, however, exactly where algal expansion (of both free-living and symbiotic algae) can be desired, a lot more powerful lighting style is required. There are extensive sorts of gizmos available: quite a few common forms include fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), small fluorescent, LED and also material halide. Actinic signals produce a deep random world spectrum which is designed to duplicate the dominant wavelength connected with mild one or two metres below the actual ocean's surface.

Many diverse sources make diverse claims in relation to which lighting strategy is this best. In reality, every single technological know-how or perhaps variation possesses its own rewards in addition to disadvantages. The a lot of simple illumination resource can be natural sunlight. This is merely effective within regions on the equator because toughness connected with sun energy is perfect there. Efficiently making use of healthy the sun's rays involves sophisticated preparing and, seeing that such, using these services is put on merely the biggest ocean systems.

The following boost throughout know-how can be incandescent lamps. These have grown wasteful connected with energy, generating concerning 12-15 and 30 lumens per watt with energy (Out of any probable 683 lumens per watt for the best easy source). Standard fluorescent table lamps give a superb growth above incandescents. There are usually superior colour temperatures obtainable in fluorescent tubes that are extra best suited to aquariums compared to those of standard easy bulb. They are also extra efficient, averaging somewhere between 90 as well as 95 lumens per watt. The downside in order to regular fluorescent lamps is the fact they just don't possess the concentration to pass through directly into deeper aquariums.

There can be a range involving increased variants of fluorescent technology. The primary kinds have grown large end result (VHO), energy compact fluorescent (PC), in addition to T-5 huge expenditure (HO). VHO lights are fluorescent lights work at higher electric power levels, usually about three situations standard wattage for a provided bulb length. They hold the gain with huge light output, nevertheless the particular more substantial diameter light bulbs reduce your efficacy regarding reflectors. PC lighting is usually high-power fluorescent lighting, however the light bulbs are creased / folded to place extra tubes in the presented space. The end product connected with PC lights are reduced through ineffective reflector designs.

VHO along with PC incandescent bulbs can be fairly expensive for you to replace. T-5 HO signals is the most recent alternative with fluorescent lights. They will be work with a little bit increased strength degrees than normal fluorescent lamps, nonetheless are made significantly thinner. This contains extremely effective reflector styles this have extra gentle in to the aquarium. Because associated with this, excellent quality T-5 methods usually match and also emulate this end result involving comparative compact fluorescent or VHO lights fixtures. All varieties of fluorescent lights give the actual same efficacy in lumens for every watt; it truly is the design belonging to the lamp and also reflectors which makes their total outputs different.

Metal halide signals is also the upcoming amount way up coming from fluorescent technology. Metal halides generate related to 90-100 lumens per watt of power. This is usually about similar as fluorescent. The advancement using metallic halides usually many people emphasis this light productivity right into a really small space, while fluorescent gizmos consistently illuminate your entire aquarium. This is often known seeing that point supply lighting, as well as being just what exactly causes this rippling visual impact on quite a few state-of-the-art tank setups. This concentration connected with light productivity increases the intensity, enabling metal halide lighting unit to secure a great deal of lighting to help even the actual very underlying part concentrations of most aquariums. Metal halides can be found in most colour temp , out of 6500 K around 20,000 K, even though light sources seeing that substantial as 50,000 K usually are occasionally found. The downsides inv olving material halide illumination are the price tag and the high temperature produced.

Most metal halide fittings are more than twice the price of a strong equivalent wattage fluorescent system, though prices include commenced to be able to move in latest years. Halide flashlights target temperature together with gentle output. The area of the operating table lamp becomes hot sufficient in order to result in second and also finally degree burns instantly, so that lighting style know-how should be utilized with caution. The heat produced can certainly in addition comfy the actual aquarium to undesirable levels, usually necessitating having a new chiller. The latest supplement into the report on tank light technological know-how will be LED lighting. These develop the probable to be able to often be much more efficient in comparison with every other technology, nonetheless have certainly not yet grow to be and so as a consequence of issues regarding warmth dissipatio n. LED's possess the a look at point source lighting, but are as well entirely dimmable at virtually any electrical power level. This contains tough one lighting style schedules, even the actual simulation associated with fog up cover. So far, LED's obtain work with for the most part while lunar lighting.

When contemplating lighting effects regarding an aquarium, you will discover generally two variables to help consider: wattage and coloration temperature. Depending about the sort of illumination (i.e. fluorescents, material halide, etc) your wattage regarding light source emitted can vary considerably, through tens associated with watts to many one hundred dollars watts in a very light system. Wattage, while not indicative with color, will be comparable to electrical power and basically ascertains exactly how brightly that gentle will shine. Due towards the scattering involving light inside water, the lower one's reservoir is, the greater strong this lighting effects required. Color temperature, measured inside kelvins (albeit slightly unrepresentively) comes from made from connected with easy getting emitted by the actual lamp and it is influenced by the style associated with blackbody radiation. Light on the solar has a colouring temp involving around 5900 K along with lig hting programs with coloration temp >5000 K are often best intended for growing factories in both this marine along with freshwater setting. 10,000 K lighting appears bluish-white plus emphasizes coloration throughout variety of fish that and corals. Higher up on your selection there are 14,000 K as well as 20,000 K incandescent bulbs that develop a deep random world shade which in turn mimic the particular lighting illnesses underseas, producing a good best atmosphere to get invertebrates and animals present.

Heating

Most marine tank occupants are usually endemic to tropical reefs as well as ocean with Africa, Southeast Asia, along with the Red Sea. Marine aquarium temps have to mirror the particular natural environment connected with the actual populace and are most commonly preserved during 23 that will twenty eight degrees Celsius (73-82 F). In parts the location where the background temperature is definitely lower than the specified temperature from the aquarium tank this specific in general necessitates a use of an aquarium tank heater. In quite a few locations ambient temperature can be increased as opposed to wished-for heat range plus refrigeration devices, often known as "chillers", are util ized for you to cool the aquarium water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists commonly examination water from the tank for the various chemical substance signals involving water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, a relative gauge of water density, is normally maintained among 1.020 and 1.024 inside aquariums with bass only, as well as 1.023 and 1.026 pertaining to aquariums containing invertebrates. Salinity will need to thus be in between 28 plus thirty five PPT, having the bigger ideals getting effective around superior offshore systems. Because salinity can be through explanation immediately associated with unique gravity, together is often screened along with an economical hydrometer or perhaps refractometer.

pH should be retained between 8.1 in addition to 8.3. This could be increased using a commercially on the market streaming adviser or maybe through calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate solidity (KH) need to be in between seven along with twelve month period college diplomas associated with carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor can assist in maintaining equally pH as well as carbonate hardness. Using pure water from your reverse osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) device can prevent KH in addition to pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen cycle refers to this change connected with deadly ammonia to nitrite and lastly nitrate. While bass waste (urine and feces) along with decaying matter let go ammonia, a lot of ammonia produced (approximately 60%) in both marine and also freshwater aquariums is excreted directly in the normal water from the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification changes the particular ammonia straight into nitrite ions, NO2-, after which for you to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate is usually readily used up along with assimilated by simply algae as well as hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is actually modified via an anaerobic bacterial process to free nitrogen, however this technique is extremely challenging to maintain. In the particular current past, most nitrate, that is less harmful for you to the fish tank and many invertebrates compared to nitrites, built up inside the mineral water until finally it had been physically eliminated with a drinking water change. However, quite a few marine aquarists are actually hiring the application of its own a part of the particular reservoir and also distinguish reservoir altogether, called a "refugium." A refugium is, since their name suggests, a sheltered place that gives you waters with all the primary, or perhaps display, tank. Refugiums usually contain your serious crushed stone cargo area permitting anoxic areas to be able to develop inside of these where anaerobic microbes can turn nitrate towards nitrogen gas, a good methods of nitrate removal. Various sorts of macroalgae could be grown and farmed on the refugium because a different way of nitrate export. As refugiums become more readily available in marine aquaria, nitrate levels are quickly possible with regard to even the newbie hobbyist. Ammonia along with nitrite needs to be tested regularly; any detectable levels (i.e., about 0 ppm) can be indicative of an problem. Nitrates ought not exceed only two ppm in deep sea tanks, as well as twent y ppm in fish-only tanks. It might possibly be satisfactory to possess a smallish quantity of nitrate buildup, when a number of livestock, particularly fish, will be rather tolerant of nitrate. Most corals, while able to assimilate nitrate, cannot be likely to survive, a lot a reduced amount of thrive, using higher nitrate concentrations.

Other encouraged medical tests comprise individuals for calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, and other trace elements. It can often be helpful (and necessary) for that aquarist for you to research the lake biochemistry ranges for your precise organism that's desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation is usually an activity this is executed whenever putting different marine lifestyle to be able to an aquarium, particularly with regard to invertebrates, which deficiency osmoregulation. This progression gradually innovates this organisms towards the water make up of the new environment, avoiding surprise causing coming from sharp improvements throughout drinking water chemistry. There will be many several strategies to doing this, like utilization of a drip line, as well as of your testing cup as well as some other system to be able to little by little combine water in the fish tank tank into a new container while using new animal.

Water changes

Water modifications can be a staple with beneficial saltwater maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums are usually additional secure plus water modifications might not must consider place when the nitrogen routine has totally recognized itself in the actual tank, although that is the debatable record concerning aquarists. Water changes are utilized that will maintain steadiness associated with calcium, carbonate alkalinity, as well as magnesium that happen to be rapidly exhausted inside a reef aquarium, while likewise maintaining concentrations associated with various other trace components and also removing deadly solutes that could collect from various sources and so are struggling to possibly be removed by perhaps advanced purification methods. Supplements are needed (such seeing that calcium) any time standard mineral water modifications alone will not be equipped to keep ample levels, especially those people involving calcium, carbonate, as well as magnes ium. Water adjustments entail getting rid of some sort of fraction in the total quantity of the aquarium, exchanging which water having fresh pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed offshore has become dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically with a great component including bisulfite or perhaps through filtering. Water must become delivered to a similar temp in the event more than a 5% switch is definitely occurring. Salinity must coordinate that will regarding the particular aquarium, or maybe be dosed very slowly but surely in the event that altering your salinity. Aging along with aerating saltwater (such like for example your pail that has a powerhead or airstone) will be advised since excellent train to be able to make it possible for the pH to stabilize.

Replacement water ought to be connected with similar form as being the aquarium, whether or not that always be change osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled or from a new city and county supply, so that you can avoid profound variations with normal water chemistry. In situations when one will be changing a harness water-based sodium mixture which includes a reverse osmosis-based salt mix, your replacement water must be extra slowly but surely with the course of many hours to prevent sending the aquarium people in to osmotic shock. However, substantial drinking water changes usually are not well-advised under schedule situations anyways, and so this specific is absolutely irrelevant. Municipal, and also tap into water, is not really encouraged for just a marine tank precisely as it normally features excessive amounts regarding nitrates, phosphates, as well as silicates along wit h dissolved solids which often fuel this progress regarding pain algaes, specially diatoms, which presents itself for a rust coloured powdery algae along with evolves in the overabundance involving silicates obtained in most of touch water. Water filtered by way of a four stage course of action as well as mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, in addition to de-ionizing components can be proposed when this offers the particular quickest method to certainly real water. Four plus Five stage RO/DI filtration devices might be acquired intended for as few as $100 and certainly are a economical technique of changing tap into normal water into water practical in a marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost just about all species stored with marine aquaria from on this occasion are generally found inside your wild, though tank-raised specimens turned out to be ever more common like a practical alternative. Only a few species just like clownfish are captive-bred on a financial scale. Much gathering is completed with Indonesia plus the Philippines, wherever make use of cyanide and various harmful group methods, while discouraged, is usually regrettably common. The majority of live steel is likewise farmed while in the wild, and recent rules during this pick throughout Florida have got caused some sort of shift for you to Fijian and also aquacultured rock. Natural rock, because it's made simply by coral polyps, usually takes many years otherwise centuries to form, which is a critical habitat for innumerable marine species; thus, commercial-scale working involving naturally-occurring dwell rock continues to be criticized by way of conservationists. Additionally, quite a few a nimal race sold in order to hobbyists have very distinct eating and home needs that will is not realized by hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, that moorish idol); these wildlife nearly certainly perish speedily and still have markedly reduced lifespans when compared to wild specimens. Often these unique enviromentally friendly specifications cause incorrectly housed lifestock's colouring as well as overall look to get poor. These problems can be downplayed through persons and agencies using a fiscal awareness in the particular trade. Hobbyists that service preservation will need to purchase simply licensed net-caught seafood (although making sure this legitimacy associated with this sort of cases is often difficult) and also captive-raised fish, along with farmed corals and with supporting legitimate offshore preservation efforts. The tastes corals is often "fragged", whereby a portion of the more substantial captive coral can be separated that will hereafter always be raised straight into an individual specimen, including barrier propagation in the home-based aquarium; your buy and sell with frags (i.e. fragments) presents an extraordinary ability with regard to marine aquarists to obtain new and unique corals although constraining the particular affect the natural environment. Rare species as well as all those with not a history involving becoming successfully stored in captivity should be avoided.

Commercial front

Various organisations have introduced a new commercial prominent to help fishkeeping, probably the largest being Marineland, Inc. With that advent associated with significant scale company surgical treatments focusing about proliferation enormous quantities connected with specimens, marine fishkeeping has become much more wide-spread when compared with ever before. Perhaps the major turndown around marine fishkeeping may be the early set up cost. A a hundred US gallon (400 L) reef gas tank rich in barrier and also equipment could expense more than $2,500 US. Aside through the difficulty, it is a large element that explain why freshwater fishkeeping remains consequently common in contrast to its marine counterpart.

References along with additionally reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by means of Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, through Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to Selection, Care and Compatibility, through Anthony Calfo plus Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, as well as Natural History, by way of Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches for you to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, by John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish and Aquaria: Marine at the Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, a new Reef Keeping wiki managed because of the Marine Aquarium Societies of Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, a niche site providing information, specifications, reviews and also DIY Plans for Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, a site presenting details plus furnishing means intended for your coldwater marine aquarium hobbyist

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Aquarium along with fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater fish tank Marine tank Brackish drinking water aquarium Community reservoir Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium apparatus plus furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep sand truck bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood as well as Driftwood Airstone Live rock Substrate Fishcam Aquarium species of fish feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy perch Dither perch Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical species of fish Coldwater sea food Painted fish

Fish food

Flake meals Feeder seafood Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List connected with fresh water aquarium fish species List of freshwater aquarium grow plants varieties List with freshwater aquarium tank invertebrate species List associated with marine aquarium sea food race List connected with brackish aquarium tank bass species List involving fish tank diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning activates Reef protected MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium associated companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

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Oceanic Aquarium